{
  "name": "Two routes to the length of DNA in one human nucleus",
  "desc": "Route A (base pairs of the complete T2T-CHM13 set, two sets, times the rise per base pair) and route B (7.0 pg of DNA times 0.978 billion base pairs per pg, times the same rise), with published GRCh38 lengths and a yeast comparison.",
  "lic": "CC BY 4.0",
  "lic_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "by": "Ants, Cells & Atoms",
  "url": "https://antscellsandatoms.com/scale/dna-length/",
  "from": [
    "Nurk et al. 2022 full text (saved copy, 2026-10-25)",
    "Wyngaard et al. 2022 full text (saved copy, 2026-10-25)",
    "Piovesan et al. 2019 full text (saved copy, 2026-10-25)",
    "Engel et al. 2014, Table 1 (saved copy, 2026-10-25)",
    "media/dna-length-helix-geometry.csv"
  ],
  "how": "Compiled by Ants, Cells & Atoms from the data listed",
  "data_by": [
    "Nurk S et al. 2022, Science 376(6588):44–53, CC BY 4.0, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abj6987 (3,054,815,472 base pairs in the T2T-CHM13 set; 16,569 bp mitochondrial genome; retrieved 2026-10-25)",
    "Wyngaard GA et al. 2022, Scientific Reports 12:6616, CC BY 4.0, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10585-2 (7.0 pg per nucleus assigned to male human white blood cells; 1 pg = 0.978 Gb, citing Doležel J et al. 2003; retrieved 2026-10-25)",
    "Piovesan A et al. 2019, BMC Research Notes 12:106, CC BY 4.0, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4137-z (diploid lengths 205.00 cm male and 208.23 cm female; whole-body 6.20e12 m; mitochondrial DNA 0.09–3.62 cm per cell; retrieved 2026-10-25)",
    "Engel SR et al. 2014, G3 4(3):389–398, Table 1, CC BY 3.0, https://doi.org/10.1534/g3.113.008995 (16 chromosome lengths of S288C, summed for this page; retrieved 2026-10-25)",
    "RCSB PDB 1BNA, CC0, coordinates from Drew HR, Wing RM, Takano T, Broka C, Tanaka S, Itakura K, Dickerson RE 1981, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 78(4):2179–2183, https://doi.org/10.2210/pdb1bna/pdb (retrieved 2026-10-25)",
    "routes computed 2026-10-25 for this page"
  ]
}