{
  "name": "How much DNA phage T4 packs: lengths, ratios and the packaging motor",
  "desc": "Phage T4's genome in base pairs from three sources, its DNA length by two routes, length ratios of DNA to container for T4, phi29 and a human nucleus, and the packaging motor's force and speed.",
  "lic": "CC BY 4.0",
  "lic_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "by": "Ants, Cells & Atoms",
  "url": "https://antscellsandatoms.com/microscopic-life/bacteriophage/",
  "from": [
    "Rao and Black 2010 and Lin and Lin 2012 full texts (saved copies, 2026-10-25)",
    "Yap and Rossmann 2014, Smith et al. 2001 and Evilevitch et al. 2003 abstracts (saved records, 2026-10-25)",
    "media/dna-length-helix-geometry.csv (How Long Is DNA? page; rise per base pair, read only)",
    "media/dna-length-whole-body.csv (How Long Is DNA? page; DNA per nucleated cell and the 10 µm nucleus, read only)"
  ],
  "how": "Compiled by Ants, Cells & Atoms from the data listed",
  "data_by": [
    "Rao VB, Black LW 2010, Virology Journal 7:356, CC BY 2.0, https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-7-356 (171 kb genome, full head about 1.02 genome lengths, about 500 mg/ml at 2.5 nm spacing, about 60 pN, up to about 2000 bp/s, about 5 minutes; retrieved 2026-10-25)",
    "Lin YR, Lin CS 2012, BMC Genomics 13:224, CC BY 2.0, https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-13-224 (T4 genome 168,903 bp, GenBank NC_000866 as cited; retrieved 2026-10-25)",
    "Yap ML, Rossmann MG 2014, Future Microbiology 9(12):1319–1327, https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb.14.91 (abstract: 172 kbp; retrieved 2026-10-25)",
    "Smith DE et al. 2001, Nature 413:748–752, https://doi.org/10.1038/35099581 (abstract: phi29 DNA 6.6 µm in a 42 x 54 nm capsid, up to 57 pN, about 50 pN internal force; retrieved 2026-10-25)",
    "Evilevitch A et al. 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100(16):9292–9295, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1233721100 (abstract: 20 atmospheres stop lambda DNA ejection; retrieved 2026-10-25)",
    "RCSB PDB 1BNA, CC0, coordinates from Drew HR et al. 1981, https://doi.org/10.2210/pdb1bna/pdb (rise per base pair 0.335 nm, band 0.333–0.347 nm, computed on the How Long Is DNA? page; retrieved 2026-10-25)",
    "Nurk S et al. 2022, Science 376(6588):44–53, CC BY 4.0, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abj6987, and Paulson JR et al. 2021, Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology 117:7–29, CC BY 4.0, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.03.014 (human DNA per nucleated cell and a nucleus about 10 µm across, as on the How Long Is DNA? page; retrieved 2026-10-25)",
    "lengths and ratios computed 2026-10-25 for this page"
  ]
}